Steroid

A steroid is a type of organic compound that contains a

characteristic arrangement of four cycloalkane rings that

are joined to each other

The main feature of steroids is the ring system of three

cyclohexanes and one cyclopentane in a fused ring system

as shown below. There are a variety of functional groups

that may be attached. The main feature, as in all lipids, is

the large number of carbon-hydrogens which make steroids non-polar.
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Phospholipids

Phospholipids are very much like triglycerides but with one

important difference. A phosphate functional group is substituted

for one of the three fatty acids

Phospholipids are a class of lipids and are a major component of

all cell membranes as they can form. Most phospholipids contain

a diglyceride, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule

such as choline; one exception to this rule is sphingomyelin, which

is derived from sphingosine instead of glycerol.

Triglycerides are lipid compounds composed of a glycerol esterified to

3 fatty acid chains of varying length and composition. Triglycerides are a

blood lipid that help enable the bidirectional transference of adipose fat

and blood glucose from the liver. These fatty acid chains can be saturated

or unsaturated, and the chemical composition of each chain is different.

Each chain consists of carbon and hydrogen atoms with varying single

or double-bonded chains, depending on the degree of saturation or

unsaturation.

Nucleotides are the basic structural units of nucleic acids, which

control the production of proteins in living organisms. The

nucleotides are made up of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and

a nitrogen base.

The simplest of the polynucleotides is a single chain in which the

pentose sugar is always ribose. The name of this polynucleotide

comes from the sugar ribonucleic acid, abbreviated to the three

letters RNA. Adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil are the four

nitrogenous bases always found in RNA.

Deoxyribose is the pentose sugar found in this type of

polynucleotide, hence its name Deoxyribonucleic Acid, or DNA.

The nitrogenous bases found in DNA are, adenine, guanine,

cytosine and thymine. DNA molecules have two polynucleotide 

chains, held together in a ladderlike structure. The sugar phosphate

backbones of the two chains run parallel to each other in opposite

directions. Each "rung" of the ladder is a pair of nitrogenous bases,

one purine and one pyrimidine extending into the center of the

molecule.

Disaccharides: is one of four groups of Carbohydrates 

(monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, 

and oligosaccharide). A disaccharide or biose is the 

carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides undergo 

a condensation reaction, which involves the elimination of 

a small molecule, such as water, from the functional groups 

only.